The strtoupper function takes one argument, the string you want converted to upper case and returns the converted string. Only letters of the alphabet are changed, numbers will remain the same.

$originalString = "String Capitalization 1234"; 

$upperCase = strtoupper($originalString);
echo "Old string - $originalString <br />";
echo "New String - $upperCase";

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One might use this function to increase emphasis of a important point or in a title. Another time it might be used with a font that looks very nice with all caps to fit the style of the web page design.

A more technical reason would be to convert two strings you are comparing to see if they are equal. By converting them to the same capitalization you remove the possibility that they won’t match simply because of different capitalizations.

Converting a String to Lower Case – strtolower

The strtolower function also has one argument: the string that will be converted to lower case.

$originalString = "String Capitalization 1234"; 

$lowerCase = strtolower($originalString);
echo "Old string - $originalString <br />";
echo "New String - $lowerCase";

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Capitalizing the First Letter – ucwords

Titles of various media types often capitalize the first letter of each word and PHP has a time-saving function that will do just this.

$titleString = "a title that could use some hELP"; 

$ucTitleString = ucwords($titleString);
echo "Old title - $titleString <br />";
echo "New title - $ucTitleString";

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Notice that the last word “hELP” did not have the capitalization changed on the letters that weren’t first, they remained capitalized. If you want to ensure that only the first letter is capitalized in each word of your title, first use the strtolower function and then the ucwords function.

$titleString = "a title that could use some hELP"; 

$lowercaseTitle = strtolower($titleString);
$ucTitleString = ucwords($lowercaseTitle);
echo "Old title - $titleString <br />";
echo "New title - $ucTitleString";

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